The Urgent Need for Ethanol Cooking in Africa

by Douglas L. Faulkner (“The Cleantech Conservative”) and Gerard J. Ostheimer (Clean Energy Ministerial Biofuture Campaign) (Biofuels Digest) We have argued in the Digest that bio-based fuels, chemicals, and materials ought to be a cornerstone of the modern African economy.   In addition, we recently assisted the Atlantic Council to envision what it is needed for “Building a Biofuels Industry in Africa”.  Biofuels Digest readers can readily anticipate the benefits of a vigorous African bioeconomy: more and better rural jobs, a cleaner environment, and improved agricultural productivity for greater food and energy security.  The pressing question becomes where to start for the biggest, fastest bang for the proverbial buck.  We believe the answer is to replace cooking with dirty, smoky charcoal, wood, and kerosene with clean ethanol cooking.  Changing that basic element of everyday life would literally save millions of lives and set the stage for Africa to meet its future needs for food, feed, and fuel.

Countries in sub-Saharan Africa face many challenges, but to kickstart African biofuel production and use, we believe that household cooking is the most urgent task and greatest opportunity for the African bioeconomy.  According to the International Energy Agency, “The reliance of the vast majority of sub-Saharan Africans on gathering or purchasing biomass for cooking, particularly in rural areas, dramatically damages health and impairs productivity. Almost 490 000 premature deaths per year are linked to household air pollution from the lack of access to clean cooking facilities, with women and children being the worst affected. The unsustainable harvesting of fuelwood also contributes to de-forestation.”

The shocking reality is that most Africans cook over open fires in both rural and urban settings.  Whether fueled by charcoal, wood, or kerosene, the simple act of cooking causes unhealthy levels of indoor air pollution that drive illness and the aforementioned premature deaths. The harvest of wood and preparation of charcoal is driving de-forestation in countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania.

Why the Urgency?

As described in the “Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report, 2023” prepared by the International Energy Agency (IEA), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), UN Statistics Division, World Bank, and the World Health Organization (WHO), sub-Saharan Africa is not making progress on Sustainable Energy Goal 7, which seeks to “ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all”.  Access to clean cooking fuels is actually worsening by several measures, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa:

  • Worldwide, 675 million people are without electricity and a staggering 2.3 billion people still rely on dirty fuels to cook their everyday meals.
  • Pollution from dirty cooking contributes to 3 million people dying prematurely each year.
  • Some progress is being made on using renewables for power generation, but sub-Saharan Africa is ground zero for energy, food, and environmental insecurity.
  • Over a half billion sub-Saharan Africans are without electricity and over 80% rely on traditional biomass, i.e., charcoal, wood, and kerosene, for cooking, and the region is falling further behind in achieving the fundamental SDG7 energy access goal of clean-cooking solutions for all.

The damage to human health, gender inequalities, tropical forests that are home to some of the world’s most endangered animals, and national prosperity in those regions is accelerating, even so, international financial flows have slowed appreciably.  Slowing – then reversing – these trends for millions of people should be of singular importance.

Next Steps:  Building Better Business Conditions for Ethanol Cooking

Let’s be perfectly clear.  Sustainable ethanol is far cleaner, safer, and convenient for consumers than either charcoal, wood, or kerosene. We contend that G20 governments should make cleaning up dirty African cooking a much higher priority for their assistance programs. These wealthy countries must press for ethanol to be a major component of that shift.  This means that many governments (especially in the EU) will have to move beyond their current reluctance to embrace and promote sustainably produced ethanol.

For Africa, unlike India or China, widespread electrification of cooking or even greater use of liquid fossil fuels is unrealistic and impractical over the next 5 – 10 years.   In contrast, as shown by KOKO Networks ethanol is a viable solution today and requires minimal interventions by either donor or recipient governments.  Together with its allies, the U.S. should immediately help sub-Saharan countries remove barriers to increased use of ethanol for cooking while also building capacity in sub-Saharan countries for ethanol distribution and production.

What encourages our urgent call for action is recent progress in developing African ethanol markets. 

Based on the experience of the Clean Cooking Alliance, KOKO Networks, Pivot, Project Gaia, UNIDO, and U.S. Grains Council, we conclude that African political leaders can help develop ethanol markets by reducing the luxury tax on ethanol and the duties on ethanol imports.  By taking these steps the Government of Kenya sparked the rapid growth of a vibrant ethanol cooking market in Nairobi and its outskirts. It appears that Rwanda will follow suit.

To help scale up African ethanol markets, Development Finance Institutions (e.g., Word Bank), donor governments, and philanthropic foundations should:

  • Focus on building the necessary infrastructure, like improved ports, roads, and railroads, and on supporting agricultural modernization through locally focused research and development, as is advocated by Bjorn Lomborg and the Copenhagen Consensus.
  • Ensure that any new major global aid program, as was discussed at the recent Summit for a New Global Financing Pact and will be discussed at the UN SDG Summit in September and COP28 in December, provide targeted support for ethanol clean cooking.  READ MORE

Building a biofuels industry in Africa (Atlantic Council)

Biofuel, Farm, Fuel Marketer Groups Urge Fairness in Tailpipe Emissions Standards

(Renewable Fuels Association) America’s farmers, fuel marketers and retailers, and renewable fuel producers today called on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to adopt a market-oriented, technology-neutral approach to transportation decarbonization in its upcoming final tailpipe emissions standards for 2027-2032 light- and medium-duty vehicles.    

In a letter to EPA Administrator Michael Regan, seven national associations representing the full spectrum of the renewable fuel supply chain, said the proposed rule favors electric vehicles while failing to consider the decarbonization potential of existing biofuels that can improve the emissions profile of the vast majority of cars on the road today. The organizations recommend that EPA account for all emissions relating to different fuel and engine technologies and equitably incentivize emissions reductions from all of those technologies.

“EPA should use the best available science to accurately account for the full lifecycle carbon intensity associated with particular fuels and technologies, but its proposed approach ignores the significant upstream emissions from electricity generation associated with electric vehicles,” the groups said. “Incentives for alternative fuel technologies should be tied to those technologies’ full lifecycle environmental attributes rather than a single cherry-picked step in the lifecycle (i.e., tailpipe emissions).”

The associations support the agency’s goal of reducing over-the-road transportation emissions but are concerned that the agency’s proposed standards “artificially tilts the scale towards electric vehicles” while ignoring other available fuel and vehicle options that can help decarbonize the transportation sector more rapidly and at a lower cost. The groups also noted that “the proposed rule exceeds the scope of the Agency’s statutory authority, which does not include authority to set greenhouse gas emission standards that effectively mandate EVs.” 

If finalized as proposed, EPA expects its tailpipe emissions standards could result in EVs accounting for 67% of new light-duty vehicle sales and 46% of new medium-duty vehicle sales by 2032. “The speed at which the Agency appears to anticipate the market and consumers will transition to electric vehicles is divorced from our members’ assessment of reality,” according to the letter. “The Proposed Rule does not appreciate the market obstacles associated with such a massive transition in consumer behavior. It also abandons proven decarbonization technologies, such as higher-octane liquid fuels, that can deliver material emissions reductions using existing infrastructure, existing vehicles, and working with consumers’ existing behavioral proclivities.”

The organizations submitting the letter include the Renewable Fuels Association; National Association of Convenience Stores; NATSO, Representing America’s Travel Plazas and Truckstops; National Corn Growers Association; National Farmers Union; SIGMA: America’s Leading Fuel Marketers; and Growth Energy.  The full letter is available here.  READ MORE

RFA: EPA Regulations Should Focus on Reducing GHG Emissions, Not Forcing Electric Vehicles (Renewable Fuels Association)

Over 100 Trade Groups Representing Businesses Across the Transportation Sector Urge Biden Administration to Reconsider Tailpipe Emissions Rules (American Petroleum Insitute)

Toyota, Stellantis Blast Biden’s Plan to Boost Electric Car Sales: Automakers say US discounts battery-mineral concerns (Bloomberg)

Electrifying America’s Macho Trucks Is Still Too Hard (Washington Post)

States, Industry Oppose Emissions Rule: States, Ag, Renewable Fuels Industry Stand Against EPA Emissions Rule That Favors Electric Vehicles (DTN Progressive Farmer)

Biofuel and Farm Groups Join Tailpipe Emissions Letter (Energy.AgWired.com)

Biofuel, petroleum groups unite to oppose EPA tailpipe plan: Usually at odds over ethanol mandates, the groups have aligned to fight an EPA emissions proposal that would speed the transition to electric vehicles. (Politico Pro Greenwire)

 

Excerpt from Renewable Fuels Association:  In comments submitted today to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Renewable Fuels Association called on EPA to abandon its proposal to create a de facto electric vehicle mandate and instead adopt a market-oriented, technology-neutral approach to transportation decarbonization.

The comments were submitted in response to EPA’s proposed multi-pollutant emissions standards for model years 2027 and later light-duty and medium-duty vehicles.

“Unfortunately, EPA’s proposal would effectively force automakers to produce more battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and strongly discourage them from pursuing other technologies that could achieve the same—or even better—environmental performance at a lower cost to American consumers,” wrote RFA President and CEO Geoff Cooper. “EPA’s proposed approach ignores the significant upstream emissions related to electricity generation, as well as the substantial emissions involved in battery mineral extraction and processing.”

RFA’s comments today follow Cooper’s testimony at a May EPA hearing, and a joint letter sent to the Agency this morning by a coalition of farm, biofuel and fuel marketer organizations.

In its extensive comments, RFA encouraged EPA to use a full lifecycle analysis approach to assessing the true greenhouse gas impacts of various transportation options. RFA noted that multiple studies show ethanol significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions and is on the way to net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 or sooner. EPA’s proposed regulation favors BEVs by treating them as “zero emissions vehicles” and ignoring the upstream emissions related to electricity production, as well as mining and processing of critical battery minerals. In the end, RFA argued, emissions regulations should not dictate certain vehicle technologies, and should instead adopt technology-neutral approaches that embrace a broad portfolio of low-carbon fuel and vehicle options.

“If our nation is to reach its goal of net-zero GHG emissions by mid-century, we’ll need cleaner, more efficient cars and cleaner, more efficient fuels,” Cooper wrote. “And, we’ll need to account for their emissions honestly using a full lifecycle approach. Focusing only on emissions from the vehicle—while ignoring emissions related to the extraction and production of the fuel used to power the vehicle—will almost certainly result in falling far short of the administration’s overall climate goals.”  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from American Petroleum Institute:  The American Petroleum Institute (API) today joined with over 100 other trade groups representing diverse businesses across the transportation sector in urging the Biden administration to reverse course on its proposed tailpipe emissions standards for light, medium and heavy-duty vehicles. In a letter to President Biden, the organizations outlined significant concerns with the EPA’s proposed rules and the need to preserve consumers’ access to affordable, reliable and efficient transportation.

“We share the goal of reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across the broader economy and, specifically, those from energy production, transportation, and use by society,” the letter states. “EPA’s proposals inhibit the marketplace from identifying the most efficient, lowest cost opportunities to reduce GHG emissions from vehicles and greatly restrict consumer choice. We are concerned that such a prescriptive policy is not in the best interest of the consumer or of U.S. energy and economic security.”

The letter raised further concerns with EPA’s narrow focus on electric vehicles to achieve compliance and highlighted the benefits of evaluating a broader range of emissions reductions pathways.

“A diversified portfolio of vehicle and fuel technologies that meets the multitude of transportation needs of Americans and makes meaningful GHG reductions can be achieved while also allowing new zero-emission vehicle (ZEV), and specifically battery electric vehicle (BEV), technologies to advance,” the signatories wrote. “Improved crop yield, innovative biofuel and refined product processing, and manufacturing efficiency tied with carbon capture each represent promising advancements for current liquid and gaseous fuels to continue to accelerate emissions reductions.”

The 100+ signers include state and national agricultural groups, including corn growers, farm bureaus, and ethanol producers; petroleum marketers and fuel dealers; convenience store and truck stop operators; refiners; and motor truck association among others.

Click here to view the letter.

API represents all segments of America’s natural gas and oil industry, which supports nearly 11 million U.S. jobs and is backed by a growing grassroots movement of millions of Americans. Our approximately 600 members produce, process and distribute the majority of the nation’s energy, and participate in API Energy Excellence®, which is accelerating environmental and safety progress by fostering new technologies and transparent reporting. API was formed in 1919 as a standards-setting organization and has developed more than 800 standards to enhance operational and environmental safety, efficiency and sustainability.  READ MORE

 

QUOTE OF THE WEEK -- Julie Brown

"These six Hybrid-Electric Diesel buses will run on 100% renewable diesel fuel, replacing older traditional diesel and CNG buses. These new buses will allow RVTD to continue operations if the electrical grid is compromised.” -- Julie Brown, General Manager, Rogue Valley Transportation District (RVTD)  READ MORE

Ag Policy Blog: When It Comes to Fuel, EVs Have All the Answers for Biofuel Critics

by Chris Clayton (DTN Progressive Farmer)  ...  Every now and then I also get to read shots at "flyover country" about ethanol or biofuels in general.

That leads to a guest essay published June 6 in the New York Times, "The Climate Solution That's Horrible for the Climate." Once again, a Miami, Florida-based writer -- Michael Grunwald -- had to remind us that "corn ethanol and soy biodiesel accelerate food inflation and global hunger, but they're also a disaster for the climate and the environment."

That was followed up by the World Resources Institute on July 3 declaring, "EPA's New Renewable Fuel Standard Will Increase Global Carbon Emissions - Not Lower Them." The writer, a Berkeley, California, resident, Dan Lashof, also declared there is strong evidence showing the RFS is going to increase emissions "while hindering food production."

The solution for Grunwald and Lashof is that electric vehicles (EVs) are the way to go forward. Lashoff noted, "While all energy projects require land, generating renewable energy for EVs is dramatically more efficient and less carbon-intensive than producing crop-based biofuels. For example, even if prime farmland is dedicated to solar panels to power an EV, the carbon opportunity cost per mile is hundreds of times lower than using crop-based biofuels to power an internal combustion engine vehicle."

...

Still, even after ethanol refiners have squeezed out the ethanol from the kernel, they are left with a distiller's grain that becomes livestock feed, especially for beef and dairy cattle.

It's a hard case to declare biofuels are accelerating global hunger when the U.S. exports half of its soybeans to China and we still have as much as 2.2 billion bushels of corn and 600 million bushels of wheat at the end of the marketing year that couldn't get shipped overseas.

Eighteen years ago, President George W. Bush signed the first of two pieces of legislation creating the Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS). It was done partially because oil companies refused to blend ethanol into their gasoline even though ethanol burns cleaner out of the tailpipe. The RFS changed the economic dynamics in the Midwest and Plains states. It sparked billions of dollars in investment in renewable energy that lowered carbon emissions. The law became one of the first drivers in the U.S. to actually count greenhouse-gas emissions and created a cottage industry of people in the biofuels industry who are obsessed about lowering carbon scores. State laws, led mainly by California, have driven that obsession with lower carbon even further.

Right now, carbon emissions from ethanol are about 46% lower than gasoline, according to the Renewable Fuels Association.

...

Mathematically, we're still a long way from an EV world. There are an estimated 278 million automobiles in the U.S., of which somewhere between 2 million and 2.5 million are electric vehicles. So electric vehicles right now are in the ballpark of 1% of the total U.S. auto fleet.

And that means 99% of cars, pickups and trucks still run on liquid fuel. Basic math tells us we're not converting our fuel pumps at convenience stores to charging stations overnight.

While people want to rail on ethanol and biofuels, they also have an element of social justice that also isn't talked about as much.

Louisiana has a roughly 85-mile area from Baton Rouge to New Orleans dubbed "cancer alley" because of more than 200 petroleum chemical plants and refineries.

...

Ethanol plants are scattered throughout small towns and cities in the Midwest. Six states -- Iowa, Nebraska, Illinois, Minnesota, South Dakota and Indiana -- make up the bulk of ethanol production, but there are just under 200 ethanol plants that produce right now about 18 billion gallons of fuel. Ethanol plants are disbursed largely to tie in with corn production so having a concentration of refineries in a small stretch of space doesn't make sense. To my knowledge, no community has ever been dubbed a cancer hotspot because of ethanol.

...

Yes, a Tesla or Chevy Bolt or Nissan Leaf may be cleaner and more economical for a middle-class suburbanite in San Francisco, New York or Miami. But it's arrogant to suggest there are no environmental impacts here. It seems for average Americans, the electric-vehicle risks are largely out of sight, out of mind. After all, most of the environmental and health damage will be borne by miners and residents in low-income countries.

The battery for a typical electric vehicle uses somewhere between 60 and 140 pounds of certain minerals such as lithium, manganese and cobalt.

The Washington Post reported last month about mining manganese in South Africa. "The industry's demand for manganese has quintupled over the past five years, and analysts predict it could increase a further ninefold by 2030." And it turns out that mining for manganese is toxic for workers and "the industry has shown little consideration of these occupational risks."

Cobalt miners in places such as the Democratic Republic of Congo are "laboring in slave-like conditions," NPR reported in February. A Harvard researcher in that article called the conditions "sub-human" Cobalt is also apparently toxic to touch or breathe.

Lithium is obviously a major element to "clean" electric cars. Friends of the Earth, not exactly friends of biofuels either, issued a report on lithium in Europe, noting that most of the mining is in South America and China. Production is only beginning to fill the capacity demands for the coming decades. But lithium extraction drains water resources and requires, of course, toxic chemicals to process the lithium. And it's horrible for soil.

"The release of such chemicals through leaching, spills or air emissions can harm communities, ecosystems, and food production. Moreover, lithium extraction inevitably harms the soil and causes air contamination."

China also is looking to corner the market on lithium, as reports cite possible corruption in South American countries selling land to Chinese investors where lithium is expected to be mined.

While the annual United Nations Conference of the Parties (COP) meetings talk about emissions, nobody has spelled out a new paradigm to protect people in under-developed countries from mining exploitation for these "green" non-renewable minerals that will be extracted from the Earth in the coming decades.

I don't want to declare ethanol doesn't have its environmental problems. Fertilizer from corn production is one of the drivers for high loads of nitrogen and phosphorus in waterways, leading to corn's contribution to the "dead zone" in the Gulf of Mexico. Soil erosion in the Midwest and Plains states is higher than it needs to be as well.

The difference with biofuels in the United State is that policies further lowering the carbon footprint of biofuels and their crop feedstocks can help reduce fertilizer losses through "climate-smart" farming practices. These practices are growing, but the pace can quicken. The Inflation Reduction Act, for instance, provided $19.5 billion for USDA to expand climate-smart practices in its conservation programs over the next several years. The money has to go to practices that lower emissions or sequester carbon in the soil. The main trade associations for corn, soybeans and other commodities all have embraced the funding of these practices.

If EPA is focused on lowering greenhouse emissions, the agency also could also help further lower emissions from liquid-fuel vehicles by allowing consumers to convert a car or pickup to run on higher blends of ethanol as well. Congress should actually make that happen, especially since countries such as France allow it.

...

I'm doing as much as I can as an individual consumer to buy renewable fuel over fossil fuels.

No, ethanol is not a perfect fuel, but it is not the environmental or economic disaster as portrayed as well. In reality, there is no perfect energy solution, renewable or otherwise. Just ask the people who are mining the minerals so Americans can drive "cleaner" vehicles.  READ MORE

Unsold electric cars are piling up on dealer lots (Axios)

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The Urgent Need for Ethanol Cooking in Africa

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QUOTE OF THE WEEK -- Julie Brown

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Government Should Set Achievable Targets for Sustainable Aviation Fuel or Risk Higher Prices for Passengers

(UKPIA)  UKPIA is calling on the UK Government to set an achievable target for the amount of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)

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World Sustainability Symposium (WSS) --- October 3-4, 2023 --- Madrid, Spain

As governments are now aligned with the industry’s commitment to decarbonize aviation by 2050, IATA's World Sustainability Symposium (WSS) will bring together

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Brazil Emerges as Corn-Ethanol Producer with Expansion of Second Crop Corn

by Joana Colussi, Nick Paulson, Gary Schnitkey, and Jim Baltz (University of Illinois/FarmDocDaily)  Brazil, the world’s second-largest producer of ethanol, has

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Ethanol Industry on the Rebound

(Biofuels International) The North American ethanol industry is nothing if not persistent and innovative, qualities which have served the sector

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Smorch: Liquid Fuels Are Here to Stay and Address Climate Challenges

by Amie Simpson (Brownfield Ag News)  The president and CEO of CountryMark says liquid fuels shouldn’t be counted out as energy

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Decarbonization of the Aviation Sector: Goals, Pathways, and Policies --- July 10, 2023 --- ONLINE

The aviation sector represents nearly 3% of global carbon emissions, and there are myriad efforts underway to decarbonize the sector.

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to Active Energy Group

by Jim Lane (Biofuel Digest) Active Energy GroupG is a biomass based renewable energy business focused on using its proprietary

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Building the Bioworkforce of the Future

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Says here in this exciting new report out of the White House, “Global industry is on

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Scandinavian Biogas Becomes Biokraft

(Market Screener/Biokraft) Scandinavian Biogas is a leading biogas producer with facilities in Sweden, Norway and Korea. Ahead of upcoming northern European

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Microbial Electrosynthesis – Scientists Discover That Bacteria Can Produce More Chemical Substances Than Thought

(SciTechDaily/Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI)) How bacteria use carbon dioxide and electricity to produce useful chemical

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CEFC Backs New Green Hydrogen Technology Turning Waste into Super Energy

(CEFC)  The CEFC is backing HydGene Renewables, a new Australian company that has developed an alternative green hydrogen solution that turns

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to ABB

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) This is one ABLC slide guide you don’t want to miss! ABB’s John Oyen shares

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A New Hydrogen: from Methane, via Pyrolysis, without the CO2 Release

by Chingis Idrissov (IDTechEx/Biofuels Digest) Digest note. This column from Chingis Idrissov focuses on production of hydrogen from methane, with

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Capito, Sinema, Murkowski, Whitehouse Introduce Bipartisan Carbon Capture Legislation

by Vasil Velev (Carbon Herald) On June 15th U.S. Senator Shelley Moore Capito (R-W.Va.), Ranking Member of the Senate Environment and

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Transitioning to a Sustainable, Circular Economy for Plastics Workshop June 8–9, 2023 Presentations Available

The following are presentations from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Bioenergy Technologies Office's (BETO) Transitioning to a Sustainable, Circular Economy

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XBX Exploring Biodiesel Regional Seminars -- High Blends Infrastructure Workshop --- July 27, 2023 --- Needham, MA --- and/or August 22, 2023 --- Old Greenwich, CT

Day 2: High Blends Infrastructure Workshop -- XBX 2023 presents a unique opportunity for attendees to connect with industry peers, thought

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XBX Exploring Biodiesel Regional Seminars Customer Service Rep (CSR) Bootcamp --- July 26, 2023 --- Needham, MA --- and/or August 21, 2023 --- Old Greenwich, CT

Day 1: CSR Bootcamp: Your customer service representatives are the voice of your organization and along with the service technician, the

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XBX Exploring Biodiesel Regional Seminars return with 2 New Events this Summer

by Ron Kotrba (Biobased Diesel Daily)  The popular XBX Exploring Biodiesel regional seminars, sponsored by the National Oilheat Research Alliance and

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MN Bio-Fuels & KS95 Promote E15 In St Paul

(Minnesota Bio-Fuels Association)  The Minnesota Bio-Fuels Association (MN Bio-Fuels) and KS95 FM held a joint E15 promotion at a Winner station

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Meet HDT’s 2023 Top Green Fleets

by Deborah Lockridge (HDT TruckingInfo) ... Another trend we’re seeing among the Top Green Fleets is adoption of alternative fuels, especially

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Merkley, Wyden Announce $17 Million for Climate-Friendly Transit in Oregon

(Office of Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR)) ... " ... These six Hybrid-Electric Diesel buses will run on 100% renewable diesel

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Korean Air Partners with GS Caltex to Test Sustainable Aviation Fuel

(Korean Air) Korean Air has partnered with GS Caltex, a globally-recognized Korean energy and chemical company, to conduct test flights

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Pathward and Avolta Partnership Brings Two Renewable Natural Gas Projects at Arizona Dairy Farms to Realization

(Pathward) ... “The projects have begun injecting RNG into the Southwest Gas pipeline for distribution. Avolta has partnered with U.S.

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Bangchak Makes Its Mark as Future Energy Leader Pioneering Thailand’s Aviation Industry with First Construction Agreement for Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Production Unit

(Bangchak)  Bangchak Group takes the Lead as a Future Energy Leader by producing Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) from used cooking oil,

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to United Airlines and SAF

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) United’s been so out-front of SAF, it’s hard to enumerate all the activities. Investment in

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Carbon-Negative Bioenergy Technologies Gain Traction as a Climate Solution

by Brandon Mulder (S&P Global) Study suggests 500 mil mt/year of biomass feedstock; BECCS needs further policy support ... Ethanol production is

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Turning Ethanol into Hydrogen

by Luke Geiver (Ethanol Producer Magazine) A new technology developed by Proteum Energy could use ethanol as a feedstock for

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Argus Carbon Markets & Regulation Conference --- July 5-7, 2023 --- Lisbon, Portugal

In the wake of new legislative reforms to the EU ETS being confirmed, and as voluntary carbon markets continue to

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Japan Plans to Implement SAF Mandate by 2030

by Erin Voegele (SAF Magazine)  The government of Japan is preparing to implement a mandate for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and

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FAA Seeks Comments Related to FAST-SAF Grant Program DEADLINE July 24, 2023

by Erin Voegele (SAF Magazine)  The U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Aviation Administration has opened a public comment period regarding its

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Unpacking the UNEA Resolution to End Plastic Pollution

by Mary Ellen Ternes and Jeffrey Seay (Global Council for Science and the Environment) UNEA Resolution 5/14 entitled “End plastic

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Regulations Driving the Biofuels Feedstocks Markets

by Megan Boutwell, Olivier Macé, and Adam Schubert (Stillwater Associates) ... A practical effect of the differences between U.S. and European

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Renewable Diesel 101

by Jim Mladenik (Stillwater Associates)  Renewable diesel (RD) is the fastest-growing biofuel in America. It is also the fastest-growing way to

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Pro Take: Forget the SEC, International Climate Reporting Standards Could Become the Global Baseline

by Rochelle Toplensky (Wall Street Journal) New international sustainability reporting standards could fulfill their ambition in becoming the global baseline as

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USGC Promotes US Corn, Sorghum, DDGS at Expo in China

(U.S. Grains Council/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  To provide timely U.S. grains information to Chinese end users, the U.S. Grains Council’s Beijing office

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ABLC Connect: The State of SAF

Each week, a sector State of the Industry with exclusive in-depth slides on technologies, prices, volumes, players— and industry experts

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Central Valley Man Sentenced to over 6 Years in Prison for $9 Million Cow Manure Ponzi Scheme

(U.S. Attorney's Office Eastern District of California)  Ray Brewer, 66, of Porterville, and Sheridan, Montana, was sentenced today to six years

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Kauai Receives First Locally Produced Biodiesel Delivery

by Trevor Myers (KHON)   Kauai Island Utility Cooperative received its first delivery of locally produced biodiesel on June 28, 2023. This

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Tata Chemicals Obtains Technology from CSMCRI to Produce Biodiesel from Microalgae

(The Indian Express) Tata Chemicals Limited (TCL), one of the biggest chemical companies in India, is the first private firm

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The Pan American Liquid Biofuels Coalition Will Meet with Specialists and Authorities in Buenos Aires to Discuss Opportunities Provided by the Energy Transition

(InterAmerican Institute for Cooperative Agriculture)  Specialists, industry leaders, representatives of government and international organizations and producers from the Americas and

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Fuelling Change: Why Biofuels Matter for Transport’s Energy Transition

by Sinead Lynch (Shell) Sustainable aviation fuel, also known as SAF, is two to four times more expensive than conventional fossil-based

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SEA-LNG Coalition Calls on IMO to Regulate All GHG Emissions on a Full Lifecycle Basis

(SEA-LNG)  Clear and consistent regulation is key to driving maritime decarbonisation. With this in mind, and ahead the International Maritime

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DOE: Ethanol Industry Leads the Charge in Hiring Military Veterans

(Renewable Fuels Association) The U.S. corn ethanol industry continues to be a leader when it comes to employing military veterans, a

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Lipid Making in Plants Involves the Cooperation of Two Organelles, Study Finds

(RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science/Phys.Org) Two enzymes that plants need to make oils live in different organelles, a pair

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Trade Dep’t Considering Development of ‘Green’ Aviation Fuel from Biomass

by Revin Mikhael D. Ochave (Business World) The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) said the Philippines could develop a

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Funding Boosts Capacity to Transform Organic Waste into Renewable Energy

(Sustainbility Victoria) Organic waste destined for landfill will be transformed into renewable energy thanks to funding from Sustainability Victoria, delivered

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Pyrum and SUEZ Sign Exclusivity Agreement to Build Pyrum's First UK Pyrolysis Plant

(Pyrum Innovations) During the one-year exclusivity phase, the first location will be determined and the approval process will begin; The

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Presentations Available from CAAFI 2023 2-Day SAF Virtual Conference · June 15-16, 2023

(Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative) Since 2006, the Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative (CAAFI) has sought to enhance energy security

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Improved Communication and Information Exchange Between Voluntary Schemes in Case of Certification-related Issues

(International Sustainability and Carbon Certification) In response to the European biodiesel market being flooded with vast quantities of Chinese biodiesel with

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to Ethanol Industry…Beyond Ethanol

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) A distinguished member of the Due Diligence Wolfpack, Michele Rubino, gave this illuminating presentation as

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Primetals Technologies and LanzaTech Announce Renewal of Ten-Year Cooperation to Advance Industry Transition to Green Steel

(LanzaTech) Cooperation to accelerate deployment of LanzaTech’s commercial carbon recycling technology for iron and steel industry and expand ecosystem of

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Clean, Sustainable Fuels Made ‘From Thin Air’ and Plastic Waste

(Cambridge University) Researchers have demonstrated how carbon dioxide can be captured from industrial processes – or even directly from the

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Aemetis RNG Production Exceeds Plan by 20% during Q2 2023

(Aemetis) Seven dairy digesters, 40-mile biogas pipeline, centralized Biogas-to-RNG facility, and utility pipeline interconnection are operating 24×7 to deliver RNG

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proBIOGAS #International – Biogas Engineering and Operating Training with Plant Visits --- September 12-21, 2023 --- Stuttgart, Germany

It’s all about coming together for a common cause, getting the most out of the multi-decade knowledge that is present

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to the Bioenergy Technologies Office

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) The U.S. Department of Energy’s Bioenergy Technologies Office (establishes partnerships with key public and private stakeholders

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Extent of Strain on EU Ucome Production Laid Bare: Argus Production Margins Workspace

by Tom Hughes (Argus Media) Producers of waste-based biodiesel in Europe continue to struggle against thin to negative margins, as steady

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Dairy Digester Optimizes Food Waste Feedstocks

by Nora Goldstein (BioCycle Magazine) Narrowing in on liquid and semi-liquid packaged food and beverages yields economic, digester performance and

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The Proven Effectiveness And Underappreciated Benefits Of Clean Fuel Standards

Graham Noyes and Robin Vercruse (Low Carbon Fuels Coalition/Biofuels Digest)  There are a very few subjects that have incredible importance, that

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CALL FOR ABSTRACTS 2023 National Carbon Capture Conference & Expo --- November 7-8, 2023 --- Des Moines, IA DEADLINE July 21, 2023

Produced by Carbon Capture Magazine and BBI International, the National Carbon Capture Conference & Expo is a two-day event designed specifically for companies and

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2023 National Carbon Capture Conference & Expo --- November 7-8, 2023 --- Des Moines, IA

Produced by Carbon Capture Magazine and BBI International, the National Carbon Capture Conference & Expo is a two-day event designed specifically for companies

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As Fuel Taxes Plummet, States Weigh Charging by the Mile Instead of the Tank

by Julie Carr Smyth (Associated Press)  Evan Burroughs has spent eight years touting the virtues of an Oregon pilot program charging

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Farmers Need More Incentives to Cut Emissions — Report

by Marc Heller (Politico Pro Greenwire) A consulting group's report said agricultural emissions need to be cut sharply — but

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13th Annual Lignofuels Conference --- February 7-8, 2024 --- Helsinki, Finland

This two day conference will once again bring together key lignofuels stakeholders to join our forum discussions and networking, including

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UECC Collaborates with GoodFuels and NYK to Slash Carbon Emissions with Sustainable Biofuel

(GoodFuels) United European Car Carriers (UECC), the leading provider of sustainable short sea ro-ro transportation in Europe, has successfully completed

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Glastonbury Festival Leverages Renewable Diesel to Help Eliminate Fossil-Fuel Use

(Glastonbury Festival/Biobased Diesel Daily)  Glastonbury Festival announced June 19 that all of its power needs this year will be met by

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Nordic Electrofuel, P2X-Europe Sign Term Sheet for Production, Commercialization of eSAF

(P2X-Europe/Biobased Diesel Daily)  Following extensive negotiations and cooperation that started last year, Norwegian Nordic Electrofuel (NEF) and German P2X-Europe, a joint

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Black & Veatch Launches Front-End Engineering Study for DG Fuels’ Louisiana SAF Project

(Black & Veatch/Biobased Diesel Daily) Black & Veatch and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) project developer DG Fuels LLC announced June 20

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Nippon Express Europe, Lufthansa Cargo Sign SAF Agreement

(Nippon Express Holdings/Biobased Diesel Daily) Nippon Express Europe GmbH and Lufthansa Cargo contractually agreed June 20 to advocate the use of

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Sustainable Aviation Fuels Set for Take-off

(The Hon Chris Bowen MP, Minister for Climate Change and Energy and The Hon Catherine King MP, Minister for Infrastructure,

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Vertex Energy Announces First Commercial Sales of Renewable Diesel

(Vertex Energy/Business Wire) Vertex Energy, Inc. (NASDAQ: VTNR) ("Vertex" or “the Company"), a leading specialty refiner and marketer of high-quality refined

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Biobased Academy®

(American Lung Association) Biobased Academy® is a comprehensive training program designed to educate professionals on the operational, health, safety, and environmental benefits

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QUOTE OF THE WEEK -- Kevin Beckett

We remain the fastest carbon-reduction solution for the Northeast, while providing safe, reliable and affordable heat.  -- Kevin Beckett, president

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RW Beckett Corp. Provides Heating-Oil Industry’s 1st B100 UL-Listed Burner

(RW Beckett Corp./Biobased Diesel Daily)  R.W. Beckett Corp. announced June 20 a milestone in support of the heating-oil industry’s drive to

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M.R.V.

by Anu Khan, Natalia Dorfman, Ted Christie-Miller, Moderated by: Claire Nelson (Climeworks DAC Summit) M.R.V. Those are probably the most

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CALL FOR PAPERS BioKET — March 19-21, 2024 — Reims, France DEADLINE September 29, 2023

BIOKET’s scientific committee invites authors to contribute with original papers covering the here below-mentioned topics for presentation at the congress. Key

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USGC Engages Aquaculture Sector with Immediate Success

(U.S. Grains Council/Ethanol Producer Magazine)Using Market Access Program funds, the U.S. Grains Council Mexico kicked off its latest DDGS market

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USGC Supports Opening of First E7 Fueling Station in Japan

(U.S. Grains Council/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  While in Japan for the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Trade Mission (USDA’s ATM) in early

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Centre Extends Timeline for Disbursement of Loan/Completion of Ethanol Projects up to 30 Sep 2023.

(India Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution) Ethanol Production Capacity reaches all time highest to 1,244 Crore Litres; Record Distilleries

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Bioenergy as Harmful as Fossil Fuels if CO2 Emissions Not Priced

(Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)/Mirage News) A new study in Nature Climate Change shows that under current land-use regulations,

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CPKC and CSX Announce Planned Collaboration to Develop Additional Hydrogen Locomotives

(CSX)   Canadian Pacific Kansas City (TSX: CP) (NYSE: CP) (CPKC) and CSX Corporation (NASDAQ: CSX) (CSX) today announced their intent

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Germany: TotalEnergies and VNG Join Forces on Green Hydrogen to Decarbonize the Leuna Refinery

(TotalEnergies)  TotalEnergies and VNG, a German natural gas distribution company, have signed an agreement to initiate the future supply of

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CPGC and BASF Accelerate Onboard CO2 Capture System Development

(BASF)  CPGC is developing an advanced onboard CO2 capture system based on BASF’s OASE® blue gas treatment technology; BASF’s technology contributing

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Toyota, Toyota Tsusho, and Mitsubishi Kakoki to Introduce Thailand's First Biogas-Derived Hydrogen Production Equipment, Operation to Begin in 2023

(Toyota/JCN Newswire)  Biogas derived from chicken manure and food waste to help achieve carbon neutrality in Thailand -- Toyota Motor

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Twelve Announces Plans to Scale Production of Sustainable Aviation Fuel Made from CO2 in Washington State

(Washington State Department of Commerce)  Commercial-scale E-Jet fuel production facility in Moses Lake, WA, to supply deals with Shopify, Alaska

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Democrats Should Be Wary of Banning Gas Vehicles

by Ronnie Shows (Centrist Democrats of America/The Hill) ... One such agenda item is to speed the adoption of electric vehicles

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to GreenStar BCS

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Green Star BCS provides clients with the technical, market, and economic expertise to thrive as

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Cyanobacteria in Sustainable Agriculture

by Randy Simpson (Lee Enterprises Consulting/Biofuels Digest)  Cyanobacteria are a group of photosynthetic bacteria that can live in diverse environments, such

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eJet Breakthroughs Can Double Sustainable Aviation Fuel Output to Support a 90% Green Aviation Fuel Future by 2050, says Cleantech Group

(Cleantech Group) Sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) are poised to claim 67- 88% of all jet fuel by 2050, on the strength

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EV Manufacturer Pays Wallenius Wilhelmsen to Use Biofuels Shipments

(Maritime Executive) A major EV manufacturer is entering into a shipping agreement where they are going to be paying the additional

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Ford and GM's Gas and Diesel-Powered Trucks Aren't Going Anywhere Soon American Automakers Continue to Invest in Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles

By Gary Gastelu (FOXBusiness)  General Motors and Ford both have their feet firmly on the gas pedal. Even as they commit

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Carper, Capito Introduce Bill to Reauthorize the Diesel Emissions Reduction Act

(U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works/EIN Presswire)  U.S. Senators Tom Carper (D-Del.), Chairman of the Senate Environment and Public

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Greenergy Enters the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Market with New Teesside Plant

(Greenergy)  Greenergy is to enter the Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) market through a new plant planned on Teesside. The company has

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New Biogas Plant in Puglia Fed with the Prickly Pear Plant

(News Italy 24) Sebigas, a company specializing in the design and construction of biogas and biomethane plants, signs a contract with

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Yara Clean Ammonia and Bunker Holding to Develop Ammonia as a Shipping Fuel

(Bioenergy International)  Norway-headed Yara Clean Ammonia (YCA), part of global ammonia and fertilizers major Yara International ASA (Yara), and Denmark-headed Bunker

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House Energy Sub Committee Hearing on Affordable Fuels

(AgNewsWire) A House Energy and Commerce Sub Committee heard testimony this week on “Driving Affordability: Preserving People’s Freedom to Buy Affordable Vehicles and

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Indonesia Plans to Hike Biodiesel Mandate in Next Few Years

(CNA/Reuters) Indonesia plans to raise its mandatory palm oil-based biodiesel blending to 40 per cent in the next few years, but

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Biden-Harris Administration Announces Funding for Homegrown Biofuels as Part of Investing in America Agenda

(U.S. Department of Agriculture) Funds Are Being Provided by President Biden’s Inflation Reduction Act; USDA Awards First Round of Funding

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UAE Bio-Energy Research Project to Enter Demonstration Phase in 2024

by Sowmya Sundar (Zawya Projects) The project aims to produce Sustainable Aviation Fuel from Salicornia plants --  A bio-energy research project

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Not My Dad’s Ethanol

by Jim Kendrick (Biofuels Digest)  As I attended the 39th annual International Fuel Ethanol Workshop & Expo in Omaha, Nebraska

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Turning Poop into Power in Montgomery County

by Matt Small (WTOP) Ride On buses will soon be powered by what you flush away in Montgomery County, Maryland. The

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carinata/brassica carinata carob CAS Registry cashew cashew apple CASI Cassava cassava price cassava pulp cassava stalk castor bean castor stalk catalysis catalysts catalytic decarboxylation catalytic hydrothermal conversion catalytic hydrothermal conversion-to-jet (CHCJ) catalytic hydrothermal gasification catalytic hydrothermolysis jet CHJ pathway cattails cattle cavitation CBD (cannabidiol) CBG (compressed biogas) cell culturing cellulase enzymes cellulose cellulosic biofuel Cellulosic biomass cellulosic diesel Cellulosic ethanol cellulosic ethanol price cellulosic feedstock cellulosic production tax credit cellulosic sugars Cellulosic Tax Credit cellulosic waiver credit cement Central African Republic Central America Certificate Program Certificates of Origin (COs) certification certification fuels cesium cetane Chad change in soil condition charging stations CHCJ-5 chemical-looping hydrogen method Chesapeake Bay chicken feathers chickens Chile Chili China chitin chp chromium chufa/cyperus esculents/nutsedge CIA circular economy citrus citrus greening disease Citrus Peel clean air Clean Air Act (CAA) clean diesel clean fuel production tax credit Clean Fuel Standard/Policy (CFS) Clean Power Plan (CPP) Clean Trucks Plan Clean Water Act climate change Climate Change Adaptation climate change effects climate change mitigation climate legislation climate smart agriculture closed-loop system Clostridium thermocellum cloud point clover cmelina CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location Co-op Extension co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 neutral fuels coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) Coast Guard coastal habitat conservation coastal hay cobalt cock's foot coco cocoa Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold flow cold-tolerance college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning commo Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression ratios compression-ignition engine computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Connecticut Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) construction and demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology Cook Islands cook stoves cooking fuel cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 COP26 COP27 COP28 copper coppice cordgrass corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup corn-based products corn/maize Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude oil Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization defossilize Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose dfdsffsfdfsf diatoms diesel Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices Diesel R5 diesel with renewables diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion diethyl ether digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct air capture direct injection direct ocean capture Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) direct-to-fuel directed evolution dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) doe Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen price hydrogen pumps hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine internal combustion engine/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5 JP-8 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandate mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) 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millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha naphthene NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Environmental Policy Act National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety 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nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste 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sago pond weed SAIC SAK sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae second-generation biofuel income tax credit Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed husks seed-to-wheel Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil sheep shipping shipping containers shipworm Sierra Leone silage silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple simarouba Singapore Singpore sisal SK slash Slovakia Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration Small Business Innovatin Research (SBIR) small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smog smokestack soap soapstock Social social benefit investing social cost social value social venture Society of 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